More extreme weather events are expected as the climate continues to change. The findings provide valuable insights into how urgently an airport needs to deal with climate change and reveal information to help with resource allocation for different airports nationally through proactive adaptation planning.Ĭlimate change is the most significant environmental threat and affects humanity both severely and frequently (Wang and Ng, 2021). An evidential reasoning (ER) approach is used to evaluate each airport by integrating all the indicators to derive its final CRI score.
Climate-related data was collected from multiple sources to evaluate an airport's performance against each indicator. This paper aims to develop a Climate Resilience Indicator (CRI) framework for assessing airport climate resilience, which for the first time, considers: climate exposure, vulnerability and adaptive capacity simultaneously and advances the development of climate risk analysis of airports to a point where their adaptation and resilience can be quantified under uncertainty in data. View more in Aviation Renewables offers solar LED airfield lighting solutions.Due to increased extreme weather events, climate adaptation has become an essential issue to be addressed by all transport infrastructures, including airports. The windsock assembly must be able to operate correctly in a temperature range from -67 degrees Fahrenheit (-55 degrees Celsius) to 131 degrees Fahrenheit (55 degrees Celsius) and at a wind speed up to 75 knots (86 miles per hour). The framework may include lighting for the windsock, or the windsock may be illuminated from within. And it must enable the windsock to pivot like a wind vane. The framework the windsock is attached to must be able to hold the throat of the fabric windsock fully open when there is no wind. The fabric must be water-repellant and colorfast. The FAA recommends either a length of eight feet and a throat diameter of 18 inches or a length of 12 feet and a throat diameter of three feet. At a wind speed of 15 knots (17 mph) or more, the windsock will fully extend and point away from the direction from which the wind originates. The second segment of the sock extends when the wind speed has reached six knots the third segment, nine knots and the fourth segment, 12 knots.
If the windsock extends to the northeast, the wind comes from the southwest or southwest. At that wind speed, only the first segment of the windsock will extend. Windcone are made to orient against the wind when the wind speed reaches three knots (3.5 mph). However, the best wind speed indicators have alternate colors, such as orange and white, or have stripes at the key points. Wind Cone ColoursĪccording to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) specifications, windsocks may not have marks or logos and may be colored: It can also provide essential information to pilots when technology fails or when landing at airports or airfields without ATC.
The windcone presents visual information on wind speed an direction, and in a quick glance can give the pilot this crucial information. However, all of the above are in the form of audio or written communication. Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS).Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS).Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS).Automatic Pilot Meteorological Response Service (PATWAS).Airport Air Traffic Control (ATC) Service.But the windsock is still invaluable for the speed and accuracy of the information it can convey. Pilots have much more precise and technologically advanced ways of discovering wind speed and direction than looking at the windsock. The wind cone, also called the ‘windsock’ is a colorful tool at each airport that offers relevant information to pilots, allowing them to quickly and easily determine the approximate wind speed and direction before taking off or landing.